I have known hundreds of runners - some who have given up marathons for ultras, and more who gave up marathon running for shorter distances because of the stress on their bodies, but who still race - even a couple in their late 50s who can still run well under 6 min mile pace for 10Ks. I've read several review articles. The concensus is that in general Yes, marathons break you down - they don't build you up.
There are two factors involved. The length of the race itself and the time on one's feet seem to be bad for joints and muscles. The second factor is running close to glycogen depletion and releasing stess hormones that do a number on one's immune system, and may not so good for the heart, either. Shorter races, like 5Ks, 10Ks, do seem to build one up, even half marathons don't reach that level where readily available glycogen reserves are gone, so they are at worst neutral health-wise. That's not the case with marathons. What may seem strange at first glance is that marathons appear to be even worse on the body than ultras. But if you think about it, most ultramarathoners break up their runs with walks, a lot of time the runs are on softer surfaces, not pavement, and they usually go slow enough to take the time to eat solid food so they may not be as likely to get as close to glycogen depletion as marathoners. As more and more Marathoners turn to taking walk breaks, ala the Galloway method, the various negative effects of marathoning may diminish.
If you look at just mileage, basically it's a case of some running being a whole lot better than none, more a little better still, up to about 30 miles per week on average from the point of view of increased immune function, healthier joints, and cardiovascular benefits.
Once you get over 50mpw, on average, cardiovascular benefits start to decrease instead of improve, and the immune function and joint health, instead of being better, was actually worse than the typical couch potato, in one study that I saw. If you think about, this also makes sense. A little stress is good for the body and it gets stronger, but only up to a point. Too much stress doesn't make you stronger; it breaks you down.
http://This message has been edited by maryt (edited Nov-05-2005).